Maths - Co-Monad

Haskell Code

I category theoretic form from here

class Functor w => Comonad w where
    (=>>)    :: w a -> (w a -> b) -> w b
    coreturn :: w a -> a
    cojoin     :: w a -> w (w a)
    x =>> f = fmap f (cojoin x)

Here is an instance of a celular automita:

instance Comonad U where
    cojoin a = U (tail $ iterate left a) a (tail $ iterate right a)
    coreturn (U _ b _) = b

Comonad for list:

A colist can't be empty:

data NonEmptyList a = One a | Many a (NonEmptyList a)

map :: (a -> b) -> NonEmptyList a -> NonEmptyList b
map f (One x) = One (f x)
map f (Many x xs) = Many (f x) (map f xs)

(++) :: NonEmptyList a -> NonEmptyList a -> NonEmptyList a
One x     ++ ys = Many x ys
Many x xs ++ ys = Many x (xs ++ ys)

tails :: NonEmptyList a -> NonEmptyList (NonEmptyList a)
tails l@(One _) = One l
tails l@(Many _ xs) = Many l (tails xs)

instance

instance Comonad NonEmptyList where
  coreturn (One x) = x
  coreturn (Many x xs) = x

  cojoin = tails

Or if you prefer haskel format:

Control.Comonad - Haskell Code

Methods

class Functor w => Comonad w where;

Instances

Comonad Identity

 

Haskell Code (from here)

Monad Comonad
I can put things in a context I can extract things from a Context
  If I have a function which "computes values from inputs values which might change depending on the context": W a -> b, then I can use "values in context", W a, to return other "values in context", W b
   
   
   

-- the comonad operations

-- the dual of return or unit for monads

extract :: W a -> a

-- the dual of bind or flatMap for monads

cobind :: W a -> b -> W a -> W b

Scala

Forom scalaz

package scalaz

trait Comonad[W[_]] extends Copointed[W] with Cojoin[W]

trait ComonadLow {
  implicit def comonad[W[_]](implicit j: Cojoin[W], p: Copointed[W]): Comonad[W] = new Comonad[W] {
    def cojoin[A](a: W[A]) = j.cojoin(a)
    def fmap[A, B](a: W[A], f: A => B) = p.fmap(a, f)
    def copure[A](a: W[A]) = p.copure(a)
  }
}

object Comonad extends ComonadLow {
  import Cojoin._
  import Copointed._

  implicit def Tuple2Comonad[A] = comonad[({type λ[α]=(A, α)})#λ](Tuple2Cojoin, Tuple2Copointed)

  import java.util.Map.Entry

  implicit def MapEntryComonad[X] = comonad[({type λ[α]=Entry[X, α]})#λ](MapEntryCojoin,
                                MapEntryCopointed)
}
;

 

 


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flag flag flag flag flag flag The Princeton Companion to Mathematics - This is a big book that attempts to give a wide overview of the whole of mathematics, inevitably there are many things missing, but it gives a good insight into the history, concepts, branches, theorems and wider perspective of mathematics. It is well written and, if you are interested in maths, this is the type of book where you can open a page at random and find something interesting to read. To some extent it can be used as a reference book, although it doesn't have tables of formula for trig functions and so on, but where it is most useful is when you want to read about various topics to find out which topics are interesting and relevant to you.

 

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