Maths - Exponent Of Double Numbers

This is discussed when we discuss polar form and Euler's equation on this page.

z plane   w plane
z plane

-->

w=ez

w exponent

how this plot was produced.

Let the components of the input and output planes be:

z = x + D y and w = u + D v

In this case w = ez

so:

w = e(x + D y)

by the rules of exponents:

w = exeD y

How do we evaluate this? We can use the hyperbolic version of Euler's equation which gives:

w = ex(cosh(y) + D sinh(y))

More about hyperbolic trig functions here.

so the u and v components are:

u = excosh(y)
v = exsinh(y)

Derivation using Infinite Series

We can calculate the exponent using the series:

e(z) =
n=0
(z)n
n!

Where:

We have to be careful with quaternions because they are not in general commutative. I think the above series applies but I'm not absolutely sure.

We now need to plug in a value for (z)n which we have calculated on this page.

So substituting in our expression for the exponent gives:

e(x + D y) =
n=0
n
k=0
(-D)k xn-k yk
(n-k)! k!

where:

k (-D)k k!
0 1 0
1 -D 1
2 1 2
3 -D 6
4 1 24

So (-D)k cycles round even terms have the dimension of -D and even terms have the scalar dimension.

Derivation of Double Number equivalent of Euler's equation

In order to express this in terms of sin and cos we need to know the series for other functions (introduced on this page).

     
sin(x) x - x3/3! + x5/5! ... +(-1)rx2r+1/(2r+1)! all values of x
cos(x) 1 - x2/2! + x4/4! ... +(-1)rx2r/(2r)! all values of x
ln(1+x) x - x2/2! + x3/3! ... +(-1)r+1xr/(r)! -1 < x <= 1
exp(x) 1 + x1/1! + x2/2! + x3/3! ... + xr/(r)! all values of x
exp(-x) 1 - x1/1! + x2/2! - x3/3! ... all values of x
e 1 + 1/1! + 2/2! + 3/3! =2.718281828
sinh(x) x + x3/3! + x5/5! ... +x2r+1/(2r+1)! all values of x
cosh(x) 1 + x2/2! + x4/4! ... +x2r/(2r)! all values of x

We start with the series:

exp(D y) = 1 + (D y)1/1! + (D y)2/2! + (D y)3/3!+ (D y)4/4! + (D y)5/5! + …

So if all dimensions square to positive then:

(D y)2 = y2 = positive scalar

so substituting gives:

exp(D y)= 1 + (D y) +y2/2! + D y3/3! + y4/4! + D y5/5! + …

splitting up into real and imaginary parts gives:

exp(D y) = 1 + y2/2! + y4/4! +…+ i( y + y3/3! + y5/5!! + …)

exp(D y) = cosh(y) + D sinh(y)

 


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